confessions of a nazi spy

The impression created was that the accused, the prosecutor, and the judges were all inspired by the same single - I almost said sporting - objective, to explain all that had happened with the maximum precision. During this period he adopted the alias "Koba" (Koba was a Georgian folk hero who fought for Georgian peasants against oppressive landlords). More than any other he "sweated in the heat of the day", tireless and persistent, always being arrested yet always escaping somehow, until at last they caught him in 1914, and exiled him to the far north of the Ural Mountains within the Arctic Circle, whence escape was impossible. Stalin also attacked those who were calling for the readmission of Leon Trotsky to the party. Another leading figure in the government, Maihail Tomsky, committed suicide before the trial. However, soon after entering the building he was arrested. The Jews were always the first to be executed, but other groups, especially the Russians, were also killed. However, they were reluctant to speak out in favour of a man whom they had been in conflict with for so long. "Sure, that's what the world wants to know!" Monster: Hitler's role is well known (Image: PA). The palace was defended by Cossacks, some junior army officers and the Woman's Battalion. Joseph Stalin now decided to remove another witness to his crimes, Abram Slutsky. Voroshilov chuckled, like a little boy at a circus. This circumstance may seem an insignificant trifle, but I think that from the point of view of preventing a split and from the point of view of the relations between Stalin and Trotsky... it is not a trifle, or it is such a trifle as may acquire a decisive significance." He argued that factions within the party were "harmful" and encouraged rebellions such as the Kronstadt Rising. Stalin said that thinking about the future peace of the world, he decided there could not be any assurance of peace until 100,000 of the leading Prussian army officers had been killed. The formation of NATO and the stationing of American troops in Western Europe was a reaction to Stalin's policies and helped ensure the development of the Cold War. Meekly, he recited his rehearsed speech of contrition. Trotsky's main hope of gaining power was for Lenin's last testament to be published. Although the Bolsheviks had promised nearly half the Russian population that they would have self-determination, Lenin was now of the opinion that such a policy could pose a serious threat to the survival of the Soviet government. (62), Simon Sebag Montefiore, the author of Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (2003), pointed out that an important point of his strategy was to promote his friends, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov and Gregory Ordzhonikidze: "An outsider in 1924 would have expected Trotsky to succeed Lenin, but in the Bolshevik oligarchy, this glittery fame counted against the insouciant War Commissar. What is extremely important is who counts the votes and how they are recorded." Military, diplomatic, and other elite schools excluded Jews altogether, and the universities fixed narrow quotas for admission of Jewish students. At the Party Congress he had been granted permission to expel "unsatisfactory" party members. At the time of Yalta, Germany was close to defeat. "Comrade Stalin," I began the interview, "may I quote you to the effect that you have not been assassinated?". It is estimated that 30,000 members of the armed forces were killed. It was claimed that Trotsky was under the influence of Adolf Hitler and that he eventually planned to impose a fascist dictatorship on the Soviet people. He returned to St. Petersburg in February 1912, when Gregory Ordzhonikidze, Elena Stasova and Roman Malinovsky were appointed to the Russian Party Bureau, on a salary of 50 rubles per month. The volume of evidence brought forward at this trial was sufficient to convince the most sceptical that these men, in conjunction with Trotsky and with the Fascist Powers, had carried through a series of abominable crimes involving loss of life and wreckage on a very considerable scale. Trotsky added that the Politburo was ruining everything Lenin had stood for and unless these measures were taken, the original goals of the October Revolution would not be achievable. The strain on Yezhov became intolerable. The zealous Lyons fulminated about moral and ethical issues, but he had shown little inclination himself to interrupt what was an unusually successful social life in Moscow." His left-wing opponents claimed that this inequality was a betrayal of socialism and would create a new class system in the Soviet Union. We must begin to take action." As Edward P. Gazur has pointed out: "In sharp contrast to Stalin, Kirov was a much younger man and an eloquent speaker, who was able to sway his listeners; above all, he possessed a charismatic personality. They were supported from an increasing flow of tanks, aircraft and rocket batteries from the factories built east of the Urals, during the Five Year Plans. Even there he never lost heart. His main problem was high blood-pressure. Lenin commented that Piatakov might be "very able but not to be relied upon in a serious political matter". For the purpose of executing these plans, a Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist centre was formed, the leading part in which was played by myself - Zinoviev,and by Smirnov on behalf of the Trotskyites." (30), When Lenin returned to Russia on 3rd April, 1917, he announced what became known as the April Theses. [18], The short 2017 documentary film A Night at the Garden is about the rally.[19]. It was an extremely risky move on Stalin's part, but it had the desired effect and its performance improved. 85, [4] (December 1970), Bump Philip, "When Nazis rallied in Manhattan, one Working-Class Jewish Man From Brooklyn Took Them on" The Washington Post, February 20, 2019, Hart Bradley W, Hitler's American Friends; the Third Reich's Supporters in the United States, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2018, This page was last edited on 14 April 2021, at 02:11. (72), Leon Trotsky accused Joseph Stalin of being dictatorial and called for the introduction of more democracy into the party. The evidence we do have, however, suggests that the Stalin regime reacted to it in fear and panic." Marxism-Leninism would be intensively propagated. "Tell Mr. Lyons," Stalin addressed his interpreter, "that I am sorry I could not receive him before. He was arrested, but was at first recalcitrant. In 1930 he organized an opposition group in Moscow that included supporters of Leon Trotsky, Gregory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev and Nickolai Bukharin. Voroshilov plunged warmly into the conversation. Within an hour Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrei Zhdanov, Kliment Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, Lavrenty Beria and Nikolai Yezhov arrived at the apartment. In return for their services he looked after their interests." There were two types of collective farms introduced. The agrarian disorders point to the same thing. [4] Chief Inspector Costuma's Police force acting security was exposed to an odd form of protest as well, characterized by the New York Times as: "One of the most mystifying disturbances came from a blaring speaker set up in a second-floor room of a rooming house at the southern corner of Forty-ninth Street and Eight Avenue. Immediately following his death, the Soviet government launched a peace offensive that resulted a few months later in the settlement of the Korean war. "I don't want in any way to interfere with what you may write," Stalin said, "but I would be interested to see what you make of this interview. However, with the dropping of the Atom Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, 1945, the Japanese quickly surrendered and the Allies were successful in preventing Soviet gains in the Far East. With the Soviet Union unable to use its veto, it was powerless to stop the United Nations sending troops to defend South Korea. While other exiles sat and moped or died of cold and hunger Stalin shot bears and wolves and ptarmigan, caught fish through ice, ate well and kept himself fit and strong and warm with thick skins and fur. Stalingrad was Stalin's city. All three of them were either shot or died in a prison camp. Every single one of them (the GPU provocateurs excepted) was a capitulator, who had once, twice and three times in the past signed whatever statement was dictated to him by Stalin. On March 11, 1941, Roosevelt gave the Russian ambassador the plans gathered by American agents for Operation Barbarossa. The strange phrase, "cult of the individual," began to appear in the Soviet press. It was Klementi Voroshilov, the Commissar of War! The Politburo was further purged of its Leninist heritage. Reiss had the advantage of having his wife and daughter with him when he decided to defect to France. She also objected to his policy of collectivization that had caused so many problems for the peasants. "No, no, do come in and join us, Comrade Voroshilov," I said boldly. This was especially true during the period following the 17th Party Congress, when many prominent Party leaders and rank-and-file Party workers, honest and dedicated to the cause of communism, fell victim to Stalin's despotism. One of the first to be arrested was Genrikh Yagoda, the former head of the NKVD. Listening to his formulas and statistics, I had the sense that he was working with earth, stone, and water rather than flesh and blood; describing the tensile strengths of steel, the resistance of granite rather than the tensions of human hearts and the stubbornness of human minds. From the French standpoint the Bolsheviks had betrayed the allies to Germany, repudiated the debts, nationalized women and were enemies of the human race. "He sat outside the door of Lenin's office like a sentry," said Robbins, "watching everyone who went in and out, no less faithful than a sentry and, as far as we then knew, not much more important.' Had he been an obstacle to its settlement? Stalin never once spoke impetuously, never once resorted to mere cleverness or evasion. First and foremost, I must reaffirm the conclusion I had previously drawn that the ruling tops feel themselves more and more shaky. More than half the Russian officer corps, some 35,000 experienced men, were executed or banished. "Skoblin had long worked as a double agent with both the Soviet and the German secret agencies, and there seems no doubt that he was one of the links by which information was passed between the SD and the NKVD. The foundation of Stalin's power in the Party was not fear: it was charm. I spoke a great deal with Smirnov about choosing people for terroristic activities and also designated the persons against whom the weapon of terrorism was to be directed. Later on it was alleged that the tyrant's new favorite, then head of the Transcaucasian Party, Lavrenti Beria, had for a long time intrigued against Ordzhonikidze and worked systematically to arouse Stalin's suspicions against him. (25), Stalin was elected as one of the delegates of the union involved in the negotiations with the employers. Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister, was not enthusiastic about forming an alliance with the Soviet Union. Feuchtwanger commented that Radek "gave the condemned men a guilty smile, as though embarrassed by his luck." It would have been even easier to establish the falseness of many other materials produced by the NKVD, but neither Stalin nor his closest aides checked or wanted to check the authenticity of these materials." For the whole period it's been necessary to travel around the Caucasus, speak in debates, encourage comrades, etc. It appeared to be the most progressive government in history. (66), Isaac Deutscher, the author of Stalin (1949) has argued: "Among the signatories were: Piatakov, one of the two ablest leaders of the young generation mentioned in Lenin's testament, Preobrazhensky and Serebriakov, former secretaries of the Central Committee, Antonov-Ovseenko, the military leader of the October revolution, Srnirnov, Osinsky, Bubnov, Sapronov, Muralov, Drobnis, and others, distinguished leaders in the civil war, men of brain and character. Stalin believed that Germany would not invade the Soviet Union until Britain and France had been conquered. In the midst of the interview, someone opened the door and, noting that Stalin was occupied, was about to withdraw. He hoped this measure would help him secure full control over Berlin. (162), Yuri Piatakov accepted the post of chief witness "with all my heart." Alexander Orlov also organized the transfer of about 70 per cent of Spain's gold reserves to Russia for "safe-keeping". Edward P. Gazur has pointed out: "Those in attendance fully expected the customary addendum which was used in political trials that stipulated that the sentence was commuted by reason of a defendant's contribution to the Revolution. We see no reason to accept any of these laboured hypotheses, or to take the trial in other than its face value. I brought him home on account of his health. Who can believe such accusations? From Stalin's own calculations, this would not be until the summer of 1942. Voroshilov, Mikoyan and Molotov frequently disagreed with Stalin. Rykov for the time being was allowed to remain in the Politburo. His biographer, Robert Service, has commented: "He was pinched-looking after the long train trip and had visibly aged over the four years in exile. When Harry S. Truman told Stalin that the USA had a new powerful bomb he appeared pleased and asked no further questions about it. They were expelled from the Central Committee, and the forthcoming XVth Congress was directed to review the whole issue of factions and groups." Nikolayev was immediately arrested and after being tortured by Genrikh Yagoda he signed a statement saying that Gregory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev had been the leaders of the conspiracy to assassinate Kirov. It was the most comprehensive defeat experienced by the Red Army in its history. With all my strength I wish to convince my comrades that now everything is hanging by a hair, that on the agenda now are questions that are decided not by conferences, not by congresses (not even congresses of soviets), but exclusively by populations, by the mass, by the struggle of armed masses… No matter what may happen, this very evening, this very night, the government must be arrested, the junior officers guarding them must be disarmed, and so on… History will not forgive revolutionaries for delay, when they can win today (and probably will win today), but risk losing a great deal tomorrow, risk losing everything." It is claimed that five of these men were actually NKVD plants, whose confessional testimony was expected to solidify the state's case. "Probably," I said. Stalin was appointed as General Secretary and was now given the task of dealing with the "factions and cliques" in the Communist Party. To do so would be stupid and reactionary." An amiable woman secretary asked us to wait; Comrade Stalin would be free in a few minutes. We complain because, in the absence of independent witnesses, there is no way of knowing. Stalin thought that was a good idea. They disliked Stalin's movement to a doctrine that socialism could be built in a single country - and they simmered with resentment at the unceasing accumulation of power by Stalin." He admitted that there had been "serious food shortages" but Jones was wrong to suggest that the Soviet Union was enduring a famine: "There is no actual starvation or deaths from starvation but there is widespread mortality from disease due to malnutrition, especially in the Ukraine, North Caucasus, and Lower Volga." Alan Brook, chief of the British General Staff, was later to say: "I rapidly grew to appreciate the fact that he had a military brain of the very highest calibre. The only purpose of terror is intimidation. The young comrades were less than delighted to see these influential new arrivals. Joseph Stalin told Nikolai Yezhov that he needed some help in running the NKVD and asked him to choose someone. he said. He had quite a large paunch, and his hair was sparse, though his scalp was not completely bald. (7), In May, 1899, Joseph Stalin left the Tiflis Theological Seminary. We have just heard a clear and unequivocal declaration for anarchism. He believed that the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt was an important factor in this. We quiet them and try to convince them that there is nothing menacing, that it is only a cockroach, which they need not fear. This was not an offer of aid to the Soviet Union, but it sought to prepare the way by urging Americans to set aside their profound aversion to that nation and consider their national interest. Remnants of former parties would be eradicated… The Gulag, which was the network of labour camps subject to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD), would be expanded and would become an indispensable sector of the Soviet economy… A great influx of people from the villages would take place as factories and mines sought to fill their labour forces. On 21st June, 1941, a German sergeant deserted to the Soviet forces. (165), On the final date of the trial the defendants made further statements. I cursed myself inwardly for a bungler not to have mapped out an organized campaign of interrogation that would probe to the very center of the Soviet situation. [5] New York was ready for the influx of Nazi ralliers and was prepared to protect their guaranteed rights at all costs. Sometimes he thought for many seconds before he replied, his forehead furrowed in lines of concentration, and the answers came in strangely schematized array: "firstly, secondly ... and finally. Stalin therefore began to consider the Invasion of Finland. Twenty-four per cent, nearly a quarter, of all Russian industrial workers worked in factories of that size. Churchill agreed that Rumania and Bulgaria should be under "Soviet influence" but argued that Yugoslavia and Hungary should be shared equally amongst them. He decided to set up an inner Cabinet and appointed an executive of four members: Lenin, Stalin, Leon Trotsky and Yakov Sverdlov. There's been neither the time nor the will to write. Tiflis is almost completely in the hands of the Mensheviks. His other brother, Valiko, was sacked from his job in the Tiflis Soviet for claiming that Papulia was innocent. Adolf Hitler was aware that to control the vast population of the Soviet Union would always be an extremely difficult task. These moral freaks deserved their fate.... My soul is ablaze with anger and hatred. No body of men ever did so much, and how small most of them really were we can realise only by looking at what they became the moment their master left them. Stalin, aware of Trotsky's immense popularity, opposed the move as being too dangerous. But Stalin saw his own role embroidered with both Arthurian chivalry and Christian sanctity: "You need have no doubt, comrades, I am prepared to devote to the cause of the working class ... all my strength, all my ability, and if need be, all my blood, drop by drop," he wrote to thank the Party for acclaiming him as leader. Even though I agreed with Stalin completely, I knew I had to watch my step in answering him. His conscience was troubled by nothing, despite the millions who had been destroyed in his name and by his order, despite the thousands of his closest collaborators whom he had murdered as traitors because they doubted that he was leading the country and people into happiness, equality, and liberty. The President said, "No, I would propose a customs union for all of Europe.". This was signed by Gregory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Grigori Sokolnikov, the Commissar of Finance, and Nadezhda Krupskaya, the widow of Lenin. When the issue was discussed at the Politburo, Stalin demanded that the critics should be arrested and executed. He overlooked their foibles so long as their work remained unaffected and the recognised his word as law." [3], The pro-Nazi organizations in the U.S. were actively countered by anti-Nazi organizations led by American Jews, Americans, and others who opposed Hitlerism and supported a boycott of German goods. Either we do it or they crush us." The Polish Government in exile, based in London, had a reputation for being extremely anti-Communist. "The extreme seriousness of the position compels us (in the interests of our Party, in the interests of the working class) to state openly that a continuation of the policy of the majority of the Politburo threatens grievous disasters for the whole Party. Everywhere were found men and women lying prone, their faces and bellies bloated, their eyes utterly expressionless." Stalin rallied morale by staying in Moscow. Lenin, who was too ill to attend, wrote to Trotsky congratulating him on his success and suggesting that in future they should work together against Stalin. The Bolshevik leader, Yakov Sverdlov, who was also in exile, found Stalin a difficult man to work with as he was "too much of an egoist in everyday life." Zinoviev on his part feared Trotsky, but feared Stalin also. Stalin's face was "expressive and mobile", his feline movements "supple and graceful", he buzzed with sensitive energy. (99), In December, 1929, Stalin made a speech at the Communist Party Congress. The "ethics of bourgeois journalism" came in for considerable discussion; though at the moment he had sufficient cause to be indignant with that journalism, there was no bitterness in Stalin's comments. Stalin, with Zinoviev and Kamenev, who supported him at first, hated Trotsky, but Stalin hated him with a hatred which saw in him the chief obstacle to his power; Zinoviev and Kamenev Stalin knew he could manage. Stalin had been expecting a tall, self-regarding person. In recognition of his commander's bravery, Adolf Hitler made Friedrich Paulus a Field Marshal on 30th January, 1943. In Tsarist days political offenders had enjoyed certain privileges and been allowed to engage in self-education and even in political propaganda. Several reasons were given for this action including disrespect for those in authority and reading forbidden books. The leaders of the victorious countries met once more at Potsdam in July, 1945. Everyone who saw him "was anxious to see him again" because "he created a sense that there was now a bond that linked them forever". Although the superficial aspects of Stalinism was removed, the system that he created remained. So I took him away from school. This left him paralyzed all down his right side and for a time he was unable to speak. The only essential thing for those who rule by terror is not to overlook the new generations growing up without faith in their elders, and keep on repeating the process in systematic fashion. The standardized photographs of Stalin show him smoking a pipe and I had a feeling of faint disappointment that he was not measuring up to the cliches, even in this regard. German forces were particularly successful in the south and they were able to close in on Stalingrad. Close-mouthed and reserved in everyday affairs, Stalin was also a poor public speaker. After four days, Stalin briefly gained consciousness. Some workers could not cope with this pressure and absenteeism increased. But what transpired surpassed all my expectations of human baseness. Stalin ordered Vladimir Menzhinski, the chief of the OGPU, to create a permanent organisational framework that would allow for prisoners to contribute to the success of the Five Year Plan. Nothing his enemies can say of Stalin-not even the toadying of his petty worshippers can detract from the essential greatness of the man. And I distrust her motives, which seem to me to have little connection with our ideas of liberty, and to be concerned only with getting everyone else by the ears. The historian, Isaac Deutscher, has suggested his "middle-of-the-road attitude made him more or less acceptable to both its wings." On July 10 the president, who always seemed one step ahead of informed opinion on the possibility of prolonged and prolonging Soviet resistance, saw Soviet Ambassador Oumansky for the first time in 1941. It is not certain whether Trotsky directly instigated their demonstration." When Sverdlov died on 16th March, 1919, Stalin became even more important to Lenin. (58), Lenin died of a heart attack on 21st January, 1924. One thing did not surprise me: Stalin had a sense of humour - a rough humour, self-assured, but not entirely without subtlety and depth. Disguising it as a campaign against "cosmopolitans," "rootless persons," and other euphemisms for Jews, the Kremlin systematically demoted or purged Jews from sensitive positions in government, the party, education, science, and culture. We've hardly had any personnel.... and so I've needed to do the work of three individuals... Our situation is as followers. (110), Every factory had large display boards erected that showed the output of workers. But then there would be a new wave, and the same people would rush to heap abuse on the "enemies of the people.". ", Winston Churchill, an outspoken critic of British foreign policy, agreed with Stalin: "There is no means of maintaining an eastern front against Nazi aggression without the active aid of Russia. The interrogation went on for several days and nights and eventually they became so exhausted and disoriented that they signed confessions agreeing that they had been attempting to overthrow the government. The opposition had signed their own sentence. To me it was obvious that the reference was to Stalin; I said so to Dennis, but he could not see it that way. He encouraged Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev to attack Trotsky whereas he wanted to give the impression that he was the most moderate, sensible, and conciliatory of the triumvirs. "It seems to me," I said at one point in the rambling conversation, "that the American press has been making a more determined effort to obtain fair, objective news about the Soviet Union than any other country. He usually chose meat, which was a sign of his mountain origins. In turn, the military subordinates of the newly executed commanders became the next group of candidates for elimination and so on, like a never-ending web of destruction. Leon Trotsky commented that "the split came unexpectedly for all the members of the congress. And thus it was, of all things, on an intimate domestic note that the party broke up. He blamed the policies of Nickolai Bukharin for the failure of the 1927 harvest. (107), Leon Trotsky, Gregory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev and other left-wing members of the Politburo had always been in favour of the rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union. Members of the Politburo and local officials were upset that they had been blamed for a policy that had been devised by Stalin. It was hoped that this operation would restore his health. Stalin had hoped that these independent states would voluntarily agree to join up with Russia to form a union of Socialist States. (125), On 22nd September, 1932, Martemyan Ryutin was arrested and held for investigation. Hostility between the Soviet Union and the United States continued to increase as the world became divided between the two power blocks. This put Zinoviev and Kamenev in an awkward position. The expansion of the lumber industry in the Northern forests, the emergence of new industries in waste-lands based on kulak and other involuntary labor, were justification enough. (105), Riots broke out in several regions and Joseph Stalin, fearing a civil war, and peasants threatening not to plant their spring crop, called a halt to collectivisation. The famine is an organized one." ", "On the contrary," I said, "I am anxious that you read my dispatch before I send it. Muggeridge supported this view: "It was true. After the war Zhukov was demoted and once again Stalin had removed from power someone who was potentially his successor. I thought quickly. From now on all political discussion and activity in the prisons and places of exile was to be mercilessly suppressed; and the men of the opposition were by privation and hard labour to be reduced to such a miserable, animal-like existence that they should be incapable of the normal processes of thinking and of formulating their views. In conversational tones by educated people attire was of a lunatic. outranked intellectually. Must now begin thinking of the war was disastrous for the answer several assistants from the balcony the! First interview with him. for interviews. `` and austere living required targets were publicity criticized and humiliated propaganda. Francisco Franco carrying out the will to write a deal with Hitler if are... Could anyone March through a number of intelligence agents serving abroad were summoned Moscow... The calmness defining party membership suspended and it became his first pseudonym when he was or. 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